현재 진행형과 단순 현재형 Present continuous and present simple

Present continuous and present simple
(=The present progressive and the simple present)

THE SIMPLE PRESENT

단순 현재형은 things in general, something happens all the time or repeatedly, or that something is true in general에 대해 말할 때 쓴다.

(a) Ann takes a shower every day.
(b) I usually read the newspaper in the morning.
(c) Babies cry. Birds fly.
(d) NEGATIVE: It doesn't snow in Bangkok.
(e) QUESTION: Does the teacher speak slowly?

The SIMPLE PIWENT expresses daily habits or usual activities, as in (a) and (b).
The simple present expresses general statements of fact, as in (c).
In sum, the simple present is used for events or situations that exist always, usually, or habitually in the past, present, and future.


얼마나 자주 하는지 말할 때 쓴다.
I get up at 8 o'clock every morning.
How often do you go to the dentist?
Julie doesn't drink tea very often.
Robert usually goes away two or three times a year.

==> [연계: Frequency adverbs]

가끔 뭔가 말함으로써 할 때가 있는데 이런 것들이다. When you promise to do something, you can say 'I promise...'; when you suggest something, you can say 'I suggest ...':
I promise I won't be late. (not I'm promising)
'What do you suggest I do?' 'I suggest that you ...'
같은 식으로 말하는 단어가 이런 것이 있다. I apologize ..., I advise ..., I agree ..., I refuse ...etc.

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FREQUENCY ADVERBS

positive ----------------------------------negative
always    ----------- 100%                  seldom
almost always                                    rarely
usually *                                            hardly ever
often                                                  almost never
frequently *                                       not ever, never ---------0%
generally *
sometimes *
occasionally *

빈도 부사는 보통 문장 가운데에, 특별한 자리에 쓰인다. 이 자리는 일반 동사 앞, be 동사 뒤이다. 하지만 *한 부사들은 문장 처음 혹은 끝에 나올 수 있다.
I sometimes get up at 6:30.
Sometimes I get up at 6:30.
I get up at 6:30 sometimes.

(a) Karen always tells the truth.
(b) Karen is always on time.

(c) Do you always eat breakfast?
의문문에서는 주어 바로 뒤에 온다. do 의문문에서는 보통 일반 동사 앞이 된다.

(d) Ann usually doesn't eat breakfast.
부정문에서는 대부분의 빈도 부사가 부정 동사 앞에 온다 (예외: always, ever).

(e) Sue doesn't always eat breakfast.
Always는 부정 do 동사 (negative helping verb) 뒤에 혹은 부정 be 동사 뒤에 따라 온다. doesn't always, isn't always (역시 따져 보면 일반 동사 앞, be 동사 뒤이다.)

(f) CORRECT: Anna never eats meat.
(g) INCORRECT: Anna doesn't never eat meat.
Negative adverbs (seldom, rarely, hardly ever, never) are NOT used with a negative verb.

(h) - Do you ever take the bus to work?
-Yes, I do. I often take the bus.
(i) I don't ewer walk to work.
(j) INCORRECT: I ever walk to work.
Ever is used in questions about frequency, as in (h). It means "at any time."
Ever is also used with not, as in (i).
Ever is NOT used in statements.



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THE PRESENT PROGRESSIVE

현재 진행형은 말하고 있는 순간에 (a the time of speaking) 뭔가를 하고 있고 아직 안 끝났다는 의미이다.  I am doing something. = I'm in the middle of doing it; I've started doing it and I haven't finished.

(f) Ann can't come to the phone right now because she is taking a shower.
(g) I am reading my grammar book right now.
(h) Jimmy and Susie are babies. They are crying. I can hear them right now. Maybe they are hungry.
(i) NEGATIVE: It isn't snowing right now.
(j) QUESTION: Is the teacher speaking right now?

The PRESENT PROGRESSIVE expresses an activity that is in progress (is occurring, is happening) right now. The event is in progress at the time the speaker is saying the sentence.
The event began in the past, is in progress now, and will probably continue into the future.
FORM: am, is, are + -ing.


가끔은 행위가 말하는 순간에 일어나고 있지 않은 경우도 있다. 예를 들어, 친구와 통화하면서 "I'm reading a really good book at the moment."라고 하면 이 말은 통화 중일 때 동시에 책을 읽고 있다는 의미는 될 수 없다. (내가 요새 혹은 얼마 전에) 책을 읽기 시작했는데 아직 못 끝내고 읽고 있는 중이야, 정도의 뜻이다.
한국말로 할 때와 마찬가지다. "케이트는 이탈리아에서 일하길 원해. 그래서 이탈리아어를 배우고 있어.(learning) - 이렇게 말한다고 해서 이 말을 하는 순간에 케이트가 배우는 중이지 않을 것이다.

현재 진행형은 지금과 가까운 기간과 함께 쓸 수 있다. periods around now --> today, this week, this year. 
You're working hard today.
The company I work for isn't doing so well this year.

현재 진행형을 지금쯤 일어나고 있는 변화에 대해서 말할 때 쓴다. 이때 주로 쓰는 동사들이 다음의 것이다.
get, change, become, increase, rise, fall, grow, improve, begin, start
Is your English getting better?
The population of the world is increasing very fast.
At first(,) I didn't like my job, but I'm beginning to enjoy it now.
위의 예문에서, 동사를 현재형이 아니라 현재 진행형으로 쓴다.

==> [연계: State(non-action) verbs]

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NON-ACTION VERBS

어떤 동사들은 진행형을 쓸 수 없다. not normally used in the present continuous (in progressive tenses): in progress인 액션을 말하는 것이 아니라 상황을 표현하기 때문이다.

like, want, need, prefer
know, realize, suppose, mean, understand, believe, remember
belong, fit contain, consist, seem

(a) I know Ms. Chen.
INCORRECT: Tam: knowing Ms. Chen.
(b) I'm hungry. I want a sandwich.
INCORRECT: I am wanting a sandwich.
(c) This book belongs to Mikhail.
INCORRECT: This book is belonging to Mikhail.


Think
think는 믿다, 의견을 갖다 believe, have an opinion 라는 뜻일 때 진행형으로 쓰지 않는다.
(d) I think that grammar is easy.
In (d): When think means "believe," it is nonprogressive.
하지만 고려하다, 숙고하다 (think carefully about)라는 consider 뜻일 때는 진행형으로 쓰인다. 액션이기 때문이다.
(e) I am thinking about grammar right now. I'm thinking of going in August.
In (e): When think expresses thoughts that are going through a person's mind, it can be progressive.

Have
소유를 말할 때는 진행형을 쓰지 않는다.
(f) Tom has a car.
In (f): When haw means "own" or expresses possession, it is not used in the progressive.
소유의 의미가 아니라 경험의 의미일 때 (Experience; undergo) 진행형을 쓸 수 있다.
(g) I'm having a good time.
(g): In expressions where have does not mean "own* (e.g., have a good time, have a bad time, have
trouble, have a problem, have company, have an operation), have can be used in the progressive.

See Hear Smell Taste
감각에 대한 이런 동사들도 보통 진행형으로 쓰지 않는다. can과 함께 자주 쓴다.
I can hear a strange noise. Can you hear it?

Look Feel
단순 현재형과 현재 진행형을 써서 지금 어떻게 보이는지 어떻게 느끼는지 말할 수 있다.
You look well today. or You're looking well today.
How do you feel now? or How are you feeling now?
앞서 봤듯이 usually 같은 빈도 부사가 붙으면 단순 현재형으로 써야 한다. 한국어로 해 봐도 말이 안 된다. Not I'm usually feeling tired in the morning.

He is selfish and He is being selfish 

전자는 사람의 성향, 후자는 행위(말하는 순간에 하는 행동 behaving, acting)에 대한 표현이다. I can't understand why he's being so selfish. He isn't usually like that.
= behaving selfish = behaving selfishly at the moment
He never thinks about other people. He is very selfish. (not He is being)
= He is selfish generally, not only at the moment

am/is/are being을 사람이 어떤 식으로 행동(처신)한다고 말하기 위해서 쓴다. 보통 다른 문장에서는 이렇게 진행형을 쓸 수 없다.
It's hot today. (not It is being hot) 날씨
Sarah is very tired. (not is being tired) 사람의 상태


연습문제)
1. I can't understand why (he's being) so selfish. He isn't usually like that.
2. Sarah (is being) very nice to me at the moment. I wonder why.
3. You'll like Sophie when you meet her. She (is) very nice.
4. You're usually very patient, so whey (are you being) so unreasonable about waiting ten more minutes?
5. Why isn't Steve at work today? (Is he) ill?